|
|
|
Shelby American and the GT40 |
|
|
Ford wanted some racing victories in the early 60's.
The leadership at Ford reasoned the easiest way to win races was to buy a company that was already winning, like Ferrari.
Ford made an offer to Enzo Ferrari.
The deal was Ford would take over the manufacturing of the production cars, Enzo would continue to run the racing operation.
Enzo dragged his feet asking for more time to think about it.
He came back to Ford with some conditions for the deal.
One was that Ford would stop offering support to that upstart Carroll Shelby.
But by this time Ford was having second thoughts, too.
The deal to buy out Ferrari fell through, besides even if a Ferrari carried a Ford flag, it wouldn't quite have been the same as a Ford winning.
After all, Carroll Shelby's Cobras were winning races in the early 60's but the Cobras were hybrids, not true Fords.
The engines may have been Ford but the body was English.
The leadership at Ford wanted a Ford to win races.
Ford Advanced Vehicles was created.
A team was sent to LeMans in 1963 to witness the race and view the competition.
That team included Carroll Shelby.
Ferrari took the first 6 places, a Shelby American Cobra placed 7th and an independent Cobra completed half the race.
 The next project was to find a body.
These were the days before computerized design wind tunnels.
At a car show in England, an Englishman named Eric Broadley displayed a Ford powered body he called the Lola GT.
The body was very aerodynamic, the roof was only 42" off the ground.
The construction was very unique for a race car, it was a unibody.
The car did not have a frame as other cars did.
The body was one piece forming the frame of the car, thus the term uni-body was used.
Broadley signed a two-year contract with Ford.
John Wyler, an Englishman, was named team manager.
(Wyler was in charge of the Aston Martin team that Carroll Shelby had won the 1959 LeMans with.)
Shelby was brought in to run the project PR, race the GT40's in the US and market the street version.
Broadley's design was put to wind tunnel tests at the University of Maryland.
Ford engineers redesigned the body to fit the chassis dimensions.
Air scoops were put in both sides (also found on the 1962 Mustang I Ford developed.)
Originally the scoops were to duct air into side mounted radiators.
Not enough air entered the scoops to make a difference for the radiators, so they were redesigned to cool the rear brakes.
The interior had flow-through ventilation designed by Ford to cool the interior.
An aluminum 4.2 liter F.A.V. (256 CID) Fairlane V-8 powered the GT40.
With four Weber carbs, the engine put out over 350 horsepower.
A 4-speed trans-axle (Colotti type 37) put the power to the wheels.
This was the only one of its kind available.
Ten months later, two GT 40s were shipped to Nurburging for their first race.
But their target was the 24 Hours of LeMans in April.
Three GT40's were prepared for LeMans.
The GT40's were far from successful.
Early in the race there was little doubt the GT40's were the fastest cars on the track.
The Ginther/Gregory GT40 lasted six hours before the transmission took it out of the race.
The Collotti 4-speed was plagued with problems.
The engines weren't reliable either.
During the 1964 season the GT40's had 10 starts and 10 DNFs (Did Not Finish).
The team was demoralized.
Broadley quit.
At the 1964 Nassau Speed Week, the last time a Ford team raced the two GT40's, both cars had suspension failures.
They were poorly prepped, primarily due to lack of enthusiasm.
The car driven by Bruce McLaren lasted three laps of the preliminary Tourist Trophy race and was parked.
The Phil Hill GT40 did better.
It came in third in the preliminary race and went out in the 17th lap of the next race.
Neither car was entered in the main race, the Governor's Cup.
 The GT40's proved they could win.
On the track, they were awesome.
But winning races meant finishing them.
An experienced hand was needed.
Carroll Shelby and his Shelby American team were the logical choice to take over the project.
Besides, Shelby American Cobras were winning the races over the GT40's.
The two cars were shipped by TWA air freighter as is from Nassau to Los Angeles, California, in December 1964.
Before anything could be done with them they had to be cleaned up.
They were a mess on arrival.
The first thing Shelby did was make Carroll Smith Team Manager.
He recruited Shelby American chief engineer Phil Remington and driver Ken Miles to help work the problems out of the cars.
John Wyler continued at Ford Advanced Vehicles assembling the cars from sub-contracted parts.
The cars had to be race ready for Daytona in eight weeks.
After the cars were cleaned up, given a paint job and the engines replaced, Ken Miles and Bob Bondurant test drove them at Riverside track.
The cars had both understeer & oversteer.
The narrow tires on the wire rims caused the car to slide around a lot.
Ken Miles told Carroll Smith the GT40 handled so terribly he wouldn't drive it again until problems were fixed.
The GT40's couldn't win as they were.
The exotic Indy F.A.V. (Fairlane) 4.2 liter block had to go.
It was replaced with the race proven 289.
So went the dry oil sump system replaced with a wet sump also saving 50 lbs.
The Colotti transaxle had to be modified until new ZF transaxles arrived.
It hadn't lasted more than six hours in any one race.
A Ford engineer fashioned a hardened ring and pinion gear to replace the unreliable stock ones.
The poor aerodynamics were altered.
The cooling system was enlarged.
Oil and transmission cooling were improved.
Much larger disc brakes went on the front.
One of the most key change was replacing the heavy wire wheels and narrow tires with Halibrand magnesium wheels with wide Goodyear tires.
Not only did that switch save 30 lbs, the GT40's handled remarkably better.
The cars were painted Shelby American colors - twin white stripes on a medium blue body.
Development continued right up to the Daytona Continental 2,000 KM Race.
The cars were continuously tested and changed.
At Daytona, front and rear spoilers were added after it was discovered that they were unstable at high speed during banking.
The GT40 driven by Ken Miles and Lloyd Ruby won the Daytona Continental race.
Leo Beebe and Ray Geddes of Ford were there to witness it.
In eight weeks, the Shelby team had converted a losing car to a winner and on their first time out.
Sebring was next.
Shelby's GT40's won the first two races in '65. Monza, Targa and Nurburging weren't as successful.
But the 24 Hours of LeMans was the race to win.
Now Ford & Shelby had a secret weapon for Ferrari.
After a disastrous 1964 racing season, Ford turned the GT40 project over to Carroll Shelby and Shelby American.
Ford's team had proven the GT40's could compete with the best of Europe but 10 DNFs out of 10 starts called for an experienced hand.
The Shelby American team had been winning a lot of races with the Cobras.
Even though the Cobras were Ford powered, they weren't Fords. Cobras were a hybrid car at best.
And Lee Ioccoca at Ford Motor Company wanted Ford to have racing victories.
Ford asked Shelby to pull the factory support of the Cobras and race the GT40's.
Carroll Shelby had no trouble understanding the request and closed down the official Cobra racing efforts to win with the GT40's.
During the 1964 season, GT40's couldn't stay in the races.
Engines would break. Transmissions burnt up.
The first thing the Shelby team did was pull the exotic, troublesome engines and replaced them with the tried and true 380 HP 289 CID.
The Shelby team also reconstructed the unreliable ZF 5 speed transaxle (21 changes in all).
Shelby's GT40 team won the first two races of the 1965 season, Daytona and Sebring.
The next three races, Monza, Targa and Nurburging were disappointing at best.
Bob Bondurant was driving a GT40 with John Whitmore at Targa.
The race was only 10 laps long but each lap was 45 miles.
They drove it to as high as third place prior to some mechanical problems and a crash.
The car had a continuous oil leak during practice.
They thought was it fixed.
When Bondurant pitted, half of the oil was laying on the floor.
During Whitmore's turn at the steering wheel the left front wheel came off.
A local Silician found the knockoff that secured the wheel planning to keep it as a souvenir.
Whitmore talked him into giving it back and put the wheel on the GT40.
Back in the pits, Bondurant took over.
On the track, Bob hit some loose gravel, went off the road and hit one of the kilometer markers buried along the track.
It smashed the front of the car, put the car up on two wheels almost flipping the car over.
It landed on all four wheels.
Bondurant got out the car and walked back to Cerda.
Along the way he came across a bar in a hotel and that's where Carroll Smith later found him.
But while the GT40's were being prepped, Ferrari and the competition were also gearing up for the upcoming confrontation.
More horsepower was needed for the GT40 so Shelby's team modified a Mk I to accommodate the 7 liter 427 CID.
The small block would power the GT40's to 200 MPH.
But the 500 HP 427 topped 210 mph the first time out with Ken Miles at the wheel.
Called Mk IIs, the big block GT40's were plagued with aerodynamics & high speed handling problems.
At LeMans in `65 the GT40's ran off with the race only to succumb one at a time to problems with the new Kar Kraft 5 speed transaxles.
The small block GT40's had gearbox and cylinder head problems.
All dropped out of the race.
Ford once again pulled out of European racing for the rest of the `65 season.
Ford regrouped by the '66 racing season and was even more determined to win in Europe.
The big block was definitely the way to do it.
A decision was made to enter three teams, under the assumption that three cars were the most any one team could handle successfully.
In addition to Shelby American, Ford enlisted the help of big block stock car winners, Holman & Moody, and Alan Mann.
Ford's Kar Kraft tested all the 427 engines and drive trains for reliability.
A Mk II GT40 was converted to an open roadster.
It was given to Bruce McLaren for further development.
The 427 powered car was entered in the `66 Sebring race and Ken Miles drove it to first place.
An interesting story is told about Dan Gurney in that race.
Gurney had qualified for pole position in a Mk II.
At the start of the race, Gurney was the first one to sprint to his car, only to find his GT40 wouldn't start.
The rest of the 64 cars had gotten away and were out of sight before he got the big block started.
By lap 10, Gurney had passed 54 cars to take 10th place.
By the first hour he had set a new lap record and moved past Ken Miles to lead the race.
Gurney & co-driver Grant held 1st place until the very last lap.
Only 1/4 mile from the finish the GT40 quit!
Gurney got out and pushed the car across the line only to be disqualified. If he had stayed in the car, he would've gotten 2nd.
Ford sponsored eight GT40's in the `66 LeMans.
Mann had -2, Shelby-3 and Holman & Moody-3.
Also in the race were 5 privately owned GT40's. By the end of the race, only three were still running.
But two of Shelby's finished 1st & 2nd, and Holman & Moody's sole surviving GT40 took 3rd.
After three long frustrating years, Ford had finally won at LeMans.
Ford also won the `66 World Prototype Trophy and World's Sports Car Championship.
The Europeans called it a fluke.
Ford was determined to prove it wasn't.
At the '66 LeMans a new GT40 body was tested.
Dubbed the "bread wagon" because the rear didn't slop towards the back of the car, the body was constructed of an aluminum honeycomb glued together.
The Mk IV set the fastest lap ending all doubts.
Four more Mk IVs were built by Kar Kraft for the '67 LeMans.
This was the first GT40 body to be built entirely in the US.
During testing at Riverside, Ken Miles was killed when his Mk IV crashed for no reason, costing Shelby another old friend and his top development driver.
Miles death slowed the Mk IV project until the Mk IIs started having transaxles problems at the '67 Daytona race.
Once again Shelby's team was called in the get the Mk IVs ready for LeMans.
In less than a month, Shelby's team had the Mk IV running faster the Mk IIs.
One MK IV was entered at Sebring and it came in first.
By LeMans, seven Mk IVs were ready.
Shelby was given 2 Mk IVs & 1 Mk II.
Holman & Moody had the remaining 2 Mk IVs and 2 Mk IIs.
First & 4th place went to Shelby's GT40's.
Ford had taken the '67 LeMans, winning two years in a row.
The other GT40's didn't finish.
Only one was due to mechanical problems, the others were all out due to accidents.
Dan Gurney and AJ Foyt drove Shelby's winning GT40 at an average speed of 135.48 MPH for the 24 hours covering 3,249.6 miles, breaking the old record by the greatest margin ever!
That record wasn't broken until 1971.
After the race, the 427 was dynoed at 499 HP, four more than it had at the beginning of the race.
After the `67 LeMans race the International racing rules committee banned engines larger than 5 litres.
The LeMans officials had even tried to stop the GT40's during the race when it was obvious no other car could keep up with the Fords.
Ford had proven its point, and withdrew from active racing after that.
Ford won the '67 World Sports Car Championship, for the second year.
Shelby also quit international racing.
That wasn't the end to the story of the GT40's.
John Wyer, supplier of the original GT40 bodies, fielded a team of 289 powered Mk Is backed by Gulf Oil, called Mirages.
Wyer's team won all but one of the International Championship races in `68, winning the World Manufacturers Championship.
The Europeans were beside themselves.
Ford's GT40 dominated racing in '68 with a body that was designed 4 years before!
The next year, in '69, Ferrari and Porsche had new 12 cylinder engines with the same capacity of the V-8 289s and new state of the art bodies.
A Wyer GT40 won the 12 hours of Sebring.
At LeMans a total of 20 Porsches & Ferraris were entered against two GT40's and Wyer's' one Gulf-Ford GT40.
Wyer's' Mk I, chassis number 1075, won giving Ford four straight years of victory at LeMans.
That was also the same car that had won the '68 LeMans, something else that has not since been done.
The Ford GT40's were still the best racing cars in the world.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You might be a racer if: |
|
You can't stand understeer.
|
|
|
Home 
